NCERT Solutions for Class 12 PHYSICAL EDUCATION PDF
Chapter 1: Planning in Sports / खेलों में योजना
1 MARKER QUESTIONS
Download Very Short Answer Questions
Question 1:
List down various types of tournaments? [AII India 2011]
Answer 1:
There are four main types of tournaments which are listed below:
List the objectives of intramurals. [All India 2014, Delhi 2015]
Answer 2:
How extrinsic motivation sometime may kill intrinsic motivation? [CBSE Sample Paper 2015]
Answer 3:
Extrinsic motivation sometime may kill intrinsic motivation because in extrinsic motivation an athlete initiates and sustains an activity as a result of external pull, attraction, forces, incentive, etc. Sooner or later the athlete loses interest and quits sport when the rewards etc. are no longer forthcoming.
Question 4:
What does the organizers intend by stating that, “Only such students shall participate in the Intramurals who have not represented the school in any Football Championship in the past and minimum 10 substitutions shall be compulsory in a 90 min. game”. [CBSE Sample Paper 2015]
OR
What does the school intend by stating that, “Only such students shall participate in the Basketball Intra-murals who have not represented the school in basketball in the past and minimum 10 substitutions shall be compulsory”? [All India 2015]
Answer 4:
The benefit of intramural competitions is extended to those students who have never got the opportunities/chance to participate in any competition. The aim is to ensure mass participation of children with fun and enjoyment.
Question 5:
What is league-cum-knockout tournament?
Answer 5:
In this type of tournament, all the teams play league matches in their respective pools. Either take out best team from each pool or take out best two teams from each pool. Now the best 4 or 8 (depends on scheme or number of teams) teams are given knockout fixtures and the winner is decided.
Question 6:
What do you understand by Seeding? [All India 2011, All India 2013]
Answer 6:
Seeding is a way of spotting the teams and fitting them into fixtures in such a way that strong teams do not meet in earlier rounds. This method is applicable only when the standard of the teams is known to organizers. It is recommended that byes are generally given to the seeded teams.
Question 7:
What do you mean by a Bye? Explain the procedure for giving Bye. [All India 2012, Delhi 20ll, 20l2, 2014]
Answer 7:
A team which gets a bye will not play in the first round. Bye is a privilege given to a team generally by drawing of lots, exempting it from playing a match in the first round. Method of deciding Bye: We check whether teams participating is a power of two or not. Such as 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 etc. In case the team is not a power of two then Bye shall be given. e.g., if number of teams participating are 13. Next higher power of two is 16.
Number of Bye = 16 – 13 = 3 Bye
Question 8:
In which conditions knock out tournaments are better than Round Robin? [CBSE Sample Paper 2015] Answer 8:
When we have less time, less manpower and modified facilities, we prefer to have knock out tournaments than round robin. There will be economy also.
Question 9:
What are the objectives of Intramural and Extramural?
Answer 9:
Objectives of Intramural and Extramural:
Why do we need committee at higher levels tournaments?
Answer 10:
Formation of committee at higher levels tournament: It requires careful planning and organization in order to do the perfect work. Many persons work together to achieve the desired objective. So, the following committees are required:
Question 1:
List down various types of tournaments? [AII India 2011]
Answer 1:
There are four main types of tournaments which are listed below:
- Knockout or elimination tournament.
- League or round robin tournament.
- Combination tournament.
- Challenge tournament.
List the objectives of intramurals. [All India 2014, Delhi 2015]
Answer 2:
- It promotes mass participation.
- It provides fun, enjoyment and recreation to students.
- It helps to identify the talent among one’s classmates.
- It develops social values such as honesty, discipline, cooperation and sympathetic attitude.
- Variety of opportunities provide good leadership skills.
How extrinsic motivation sometime may kill intrinsic motivation? [CBSE Sample Paper 2015]
Answer 3:
Extrinsic motivation sometime may kill intrinsic motivation because in extrinsic motivation an athlete initiates and sustains an activity as a result of external pull, attraction, forces, incentive, etc. Sooner or later the athlete loses interest and quits sport when the rewards etc. are no longer forthcoming.
Question 4:
What does the organizers intend by stating that, “Only such students shall participate in the Intramurals who have not represented the school in any Football Championship in the past and minimum 10 substitutions shall be compulsory in a 90 min. game”. [CBSE Sample Paper 2015]
OR
What does the school intend by stating that, “Only such students shall participate in the Basketball Intra-murals who have not represented the school in basketball in the past and minimum 10 substitutions shall be compulsory”? [All India 2015]
Answer 4:
The benefit of intramural competitions is extended to those students who have never got the opportunities/chance to participate in any competition. The aim is to ensure mass participation of children with fun and enjoyment.
Question 5:
What is league-cum-knockout tournament?
Answer 5:
In this type of tournament, all the teams play league matches in their respective pools. Either take out best team from each pool or take out best two teams from each pool. Now the best 4 or 8 (depends on scheme or number of teams) teams are given knockout fixtures and the winner is decided.
Question 6:
What do you understand by Seeding? [All India 2011, All India 2013]
Answer 6:
Seeding is a way of spotting the teams and fitting them into fixtures in such a way that strong teams do not meet in earlier rounds. This method is applicable only when the standard of the teams is known to organizers. It is recommended that byes are generally given to the seeded teams.
Question 7:
What do you mean by a Bye? Explain the procedure for giving Bye. [All India 2012, Delhi 20ll, 20l2, 2014]
Answer 7:
A team which gets a bye will not play in the first round. Bye is a privilege given to a team generally by drawing of lots, exempting it from playing a match in the first round. Method of deciding Bye: We check whether teams participating is a power of two or not. Such as 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 etc. In case the team is not a power of two then Bye shall be given. e.g., if number of teams participating are 13. Next higher power of two is 16.
Number of Bye = 16 – 13 = 3 Bye
Question 8:
In which conditions knock out tournaments are better than Round Robin? [CBSE Sample Paper 2015] Answer 8:
When we have less time, less manpower and modified facilities, we prefer to have knock out tournaments than round robin. There will be economy also.
Question 9:
What are the objectives of Intramural and Extramural?
Answer 9:
Objectives of Intramural and Extramural:
- To provide an opportunity to students within the institute that will be conducive to their overall development.
- To display their skills in various physical activities.
- To have exposure to the competition.
- To gain experience in conducting and organizing intramurals as a part of their training.
Why do we need committee at higher levels tournaments?
Answer 10:
Formation of committee at higher levels tournament: It requires careful planning and organization in order to do the perfect work. Many persons work together to achieve the desired objective. So, the following committees are required:
- Organizing Committee
- Finance Committee
- Publicity Committee
- Purchase Committee
- Reception Committee
- Transport Committee
- Boarding and lodging committee
- Announcement Committee
- Officials as per event/sport/game
- First aid committee
- Opening and closing ceremony committee
- Awards Committee
3 MARKER QUESTIONS
Download Short Answer Questions
Question 1:
What is the staircase method of a league tournament? [All India 2013]
Answer 1:
The Staircase method: In this method, teams have matches just similar to a staircase, e.g., of 6 teams participating.
Number of matches = (n) (n – 1)/2 = 6(6 – 1)/2 = 3(5) = 15
1 – 2
1 – 3 2 – 3
1 – 4 2 – 4 3 – 4
1 – 5 2 – 5 3 – 5 4 – 5
1 – 6 2 – 6 3 – 6 4 – 6 5 – 6
Drawbacks of the method:
List the steps to form Committees for tournaments. [Delhi 2011]
Answer 2:
Steps to form Committees for Tournaments:
Sports events are organised at various levels which include district, state, national or international levels’ Such tournaments require careful planning in order to be successful’ Committees are formed at various levels. A letter is sent to all concerned for participation. Various steps are:
Write a short note on “Health Runs”.
Answer 3:
Health runs are organised by health department, sports department or social organisations. Usually their purpose is to ameliorate the standard of health in a country along with the raising of funds for charity. Health run is such a great physical activity that offers a significant health benefits’ Health run does not require any specific preparation. There is no competition in it but registration of participants is required in advance. The date and time is also fixed well in advance. There is no age limit in health runs and the distance course of running is also fixed up.
Question 4:
Write in brief about “Run for Fun” Health Programme.
Answer 4:
Run for fun is also organised with an objective to spread the message among the masses to remain healthy and fit. It may be organised to motivate the people to exercise regularly and stay healthy. It is also organised in the same way as the health runs. Run for fun is more rerated to have fun during the run. In fact, run for fun is a friendly race that involves either road running or cross country running taking part for their own enjoyment and recreation rather than competition.
Generally’ run for fun is organised to raise funds for a charity. The sponsors only deduct the organisational expenditures. Run for fun can include novel categories such as wearing costumes and age categories for children, teenagers and adults.
Question 1:
What is the staircase method of a league tournament? [All India 2013]
Answer 1:
The Staircase method: In this method, teams have matches just similar to a staircase, e.g., of 6 teams participating.
Number of matches = (n) (n – 1)/2 = 6(6 – 1)/2 = 3(5) = 15
1 – 2
1 – 3 2 – 3
1 – 4 2 – 4 3 – 4
1 – 5 2 – 5 3 – 5 4 – 5
1 – 6 2 – 6 3 – 6 4 – 6 5 – 6
Drawbacks of the method:
- It does not indicate the number of rounds to be played.
- It is not so easy to fixture concerned round as in case of cyclic and tabular method.
List the steps to form Committees for tournaments. [Delhi 2011]
Answer 2:
Steps to form Committees for Tournaments:
Sports events are organised at various levels which include district, state, national or international levels’ Such tournaments require careful planning in order to be successful’ Committees are formed at various levels. A letter is sent to all concerned for participation. Various steps are:
- Meetings are conducted at regular interval.
- Experts in various areas are identified.
- Pre-meet work organising committee is set up for the purchase of equipment, layout of courts, etc.
- Welcome/Reception committee and a Technical committee to officiate during the sports meet is also formed.
Write a short note on “Health Runs”.
Answer 3:
Health runs are organised by health department, sports department or social organisations. Usually their purpose is to ameliorate the standard of health in a country along with the raising of funds for charity. Health run is such a great physical activity that offers a significant health benefits’ Health run does not require any specific preparation. There is no competition in it but registration of participants is required in advance. The date and time is also fixed well in advance. There is no age limit in health runs and the distance course of running is also fixed up.
Question 4:
Write in brief about “Run for Fun” Health Programme.
Answer 4:
Run for fun is also organised with an objective to spread the message among the masses to remain healthy and fit. It may be organised to motivate the people to exercise regularly and stay healthy. It is also organised in the same way as the health runs. Run for fun is more rerated to have fun during the run. In fact, run for fun is a friendly race that involves either road running or cross country running taking part for their own enjoyment and recreation rather than competition.
Generally’ run for fun is organised to raise funds for a charity. The sponsors only deduct the organisational expenditures. Run for fun can include novel categories such as wearing costumes and age categories for children, teenagers and adults.
5 MARKER QUESTIONS
Chapter 2: Sports and Nutrition / खेल व पोषण
SELECT
1 MARKER QUESTIONS
Download Very Short Answer Questions
Question 1:
What is ‘Bulimia’? [Delhi 2016]
Answer 1:
Bulimia is an eating disorder under psychological condition in which a person overeats uncontrollably and follows this with behaviour designed to prevent weight gain, e.g. over – exercising and purging.
Question 2:
What is Food Intolerance? [Delhi 2016]
Answer 2:
A sensitivity to, or an inability to digest, a particular food, ingredient or substance, which means that it should be excluded from the diet.
Question 3:
What are the Micro Nutrients? [Delhi Outside 2016]
Answer 3:
Micro Nutrients are Nutrients required in small quantify
1). Vitamins: A, D, E, K, C, B Complex
2) Minerals: Sodium, Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulphur, Iron
3) Trace Elements: Copper, Iodine, Chromium, Cobalt
Question 4:
Enlist two sources for calcium and iron separately. [Delhi 2015]
Answer 4:
Calcium sources: Cheese, Milk, Orange Juice, Eggs, Yogurt, grams, Leafy Vegetable and cereals.
Iron sources: liver, meat, orange juice, egg, dry fruits, spinach, banana and green leafy vegetables.
Question 5:
List down various non-nutritive components of diet [All India 2015]
Answer 5:
(i) Artificial sweetener
(ii) Colour compounds
(iii) Preservatives
(iv) Plant compounds
(v) Water
(vi) Flavour compounds
Question 6:
Define Balanced diet. [Delhi 2014, All India 2011]
Answer 6:
Nutritive components of diet are proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. All these nutrients constitute a balanced diet of a person. They are also called primary components of diet.
Question 7:
What are Carbohydrates? [Delhi 2011]
Answer 7:
Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are the main source of energy. They provide quick energy to the body and are not stored in body for long. Main sources of carbohydrates are bread, rice, potatoes, cereals, etc.
Question 1:
What is ‘Bulimia’? [Delhi 2016]
Answer 1:
Bulimia is an eating disorder under psychological condition in which a person overeats uncontrollably and follows this with behaviour designed to prevent weight gain, e.g. over – exercising and purging.
Question 2:
What is Food Intolerance? [Delhi 2016]
Answer 2:
A sensitivity to, or an inability to digest, a particular food, ingredient or substance, which means that it should be excluded from the diet.
Question 3:
What are the Micro Nutrients? [Delhi Outside 2016]
Answer 3:
Micro Nutrients are Nutrients required in small quantify
1). Vitamins: A, D, E, K, C, B Complex
2) Minerals: Sodium, Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulphur, Iron
3) Trace Elements: Copper, Iodine, Chromium, Cobalt
Question 4:
Enlist two sources for calcium and iron separately. [Delhi 2015]
Answer 4:
Calcium sources: Cheese, Milk, Orange Juice, Eggs, Yogurt, grams, Leafy Vegetable and cereals.
Iron sources: liver, meat, orange juice, egg, dry fruits, spinach, banana and green leafy vegetables.
Question 5:
List down various non-nutritive components of diet [All India 2015]
Answer 5:
(i) Artificial sweetener
(ii) Colour compounds
(iii) Preservatives
(iv) Plant compounds
(v) Water
(vi) Flavour compounds
Question 6:
Define Balanced diet. [Delhi 2014, All India 2011]
Answer 6:
Nutritive components of diet are proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. All these nutrients constitute a balanced diet of a person. They are also called primary components of diet.
Question 7:
What are Carbohydrates? [Delhi 2011]
Answer 7:
Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are the main source of energy. They provide quick energy to the body and are not stored in body for long. Main sources of carbohydrates are bread, rice, potatoes, cereals, etc.
3 MARKER QUESTIONS
Download Short Answer Questions
Question 1:
What do you understand by Food myths? Discuss briefly about various Food myths. [Delhi 2016]
Answer 1:
Food myths mean a legendary story about food with or without a determinable basic of fact or a natural explanation. What to eat, when to eat, and how often to eat are such questions which usually confuse.
Some food myths are as follows:
Write briefly about protein as an essential component of diet. [Delhi Outside 2016]
Answer 2:
Protein contains elements carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulphar. Proteins are nutrients that help to build the body and make new cells. They help us repair worn-out tissues. They are especially important for growing children. They are called body building food. Milk, eggs, cheese, pulses, meat and fish have lots of proteins.
Question 3:
Briefly explain the function and resources of three fat soluble vitamins. [Delhi 2015]
Answer 3:
Fat soluble vitamins are A, D, E and K.
Functions: vitamins increase immunity power in our body against disease and also give their important contribution for general development of body.
Sources of Vitamin A: ghee, milk, curd, egg yolk, fish, tomato, papaya, green vegetables, orange, spinach, carrot, pumpkin etc.
Sources of Vitamin D: egg yolk, fish, sunlight. Vegetables, cod liver oil, milk, cream, butter, tomato, carrot etc.
Sources of Vitamin E: green vegetables, kidney, liver, heart cotton seed, sprouts seeds, coconut oil, yolk, dry and fresh fruits, milk, meat, butter and maize.
Sources of Vitamin K: cauliflower, spinach, cabbage, tomatoes, potato, green vegetables, wheat, egg and meat etc.
Question 4:
Elaborate the important nutrients/elements of a balanced diet. [All India 2011]
Answer 4:
Elements of a Balanced diet: There are many nutrients in the food but these are mainly grouped into six classes namely carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water. The energy value of food is measured in heat units called calorie. The mixture that we require is 57% carbohydrates, 30% fats and 13% proteins. Carbohydrates; proteins and Fats to supply us energy. The energy yield per gram is as follows:
(i) Carbohydrate – 4 calories
(ii) Fat – 9 calories
(iii) Protein – 4 calories
Basic elements of our diet are:
(i) Carbohydrates: The main source of energy comes from carbohydrates.
(ii) Proteins: They provide essential growth and repair of muscles and other body tissues.
(iii) Fats: These are a source of energy which is important in relation to fat – soluble Vitamins.
(iv) Vitamins: These are required in our body in very small amount. They are required for various metabolic process. They are divided into two groups – fat soluble and water soluble vitamins.
(v) Minerals: These contain elements needed in our body in small quantities. These are essential for proper growth and functioning of our body.
(vi) Water: Water is essential to normal body function. It serves as a vehicle for carrying other nutrients.
Question 5:
Write in brief about important minerals requirement. [Delhi 2015]
Answer 5:
Minerals are very important nutritive components of food. Minerals are helpful for health and general development of the body, proper functioning of the muscles, formation of teeth, clotting of blood and in maintaining the balance of acid and base in the body. The main minerals are stated below:
Calcium: Calcium is helpful in the formation of teeth and bones. It helps in clotting of blood. It also maintains the balance between acid and base. Its deficiency causes numerous diseases like asthma, rickets and skin diseases like scabies, eczema and chilblains etc. Milk, cheese, yolk, orange and green vegetables have rich amount of calcium.
Phosphorus: Phosphorus is helpful in the formation of teeth and bones. It is found in egg, fish, meat, milk, liver and in unpolished rice.
Iron: Iron has an important role to play in the human body. It plays an important function in the formation of haemoglobin. It is also helpful in metabolising fats, carbohydrates and protein. Its absence in body may cause anaemia. The main source of iron is liver. Besides this, it is found in enough quantity in meat, egg, dry fruits and green vegetables.
Iodine: For the creativity as well as activity of thyroid gland, the iodine is essential. The deficiency of iodine may cause goitre disease. Its deficiency may hinder the growth and development. A child may remain a dwarf. The skin becomes rough and fatty. Its deficiency may stop the growth of hair. Generally, iodine is not taken in sufficient quantity by those persons who live too far from the sea. It is found in rich quantity in sea fish. Iodized salt is the main source of iodine.
Sodium: Sodium maintains the balance of acid and base. It also maintains the balance of water in the body. Sodium also helps in the contraction of muscles. Sodium is available in enough quantity in common salts. Besides this, it is found in milk and milk products, meat, eggs, etc.
Potassium: The deficiency of potassium weakens the muscles of the body and the individual becomes lethargic. An individual may fall prey to Addison’s disease. It is mostly found in carrot, beet root, onion, tomato, orange, mango, banana and apple, etc.
Sulphur: It is helpful for the cells of body. It is also helpful for the formation of hair and nails. It is found in egg, radish, pulses, carrot, peas, spinach, tomato, cabbage and cereals.
Question 6:
In sports such as Boxing and Wrestling, the players tend to lose weight sharply. Explain the Pitfalls of dieting. [CBSE Sample Paper 2015]
Answer 6:
In boxing and wrestling the players tend to lose weight sharply because they want to compete in lower weight category than their actual weight. A few weeks before the competition, they undergo vigorous training programme along with diet control. They wear weight jacket and go for long, run. Along with this they reduce the intake of proteins and fats in their diet. This reduces their weight instantly or sharply. The pitfalls are:
(i) Sudden weight gain: Weight loss through exercises is a good thing but weight loss through dieting is very harmful. It makes your physique worse because after dieting when you came to your original eating pattern your body starts gaining more fat than it used to before dieting.
(ii) Dietary deficiency: When you cut short your diet, source of the major nutrients such as carbohydrates and proteins do not meet the adequate amount. This can lead to many deficiencies e.g., there are dark circles under eyes and the person looks pale. Then he must go for anaemia check-up, etc. as these are the side-effects of dieting.
(iii) Health Problem: Sudden weight loss because of reduced calorie intake can lead to exhaustion. It has also negative effect. People think that skipping a meal saves calories but it will end up with some health problem.
Question 1:
What do you understand by Food myths? Discuss briefly about various Food myths. [Delhi 2016]
Answer 1:
Food myths mean a legendary story about food with or without a determinable basic of fact or a natural explanation. What to eat, when to eat, and how often to eat are such questions which usually confuse.
Some food myths are as follows:
- Potatoes make you fat
- Drinking water in between your meals will mess up your digestion
- Fat free products will help you in losing weight
- Egg increases cholesterol levels
- The peel of fruits & vegetables contains no nutrients
- Having milk immediately after eating fish
- Starve yourself if you want to lose weight
- Eating ghee after pregnancy
- Exercise makes you to eat more
- It’s necessary to have Carbohydrate – load before races
- All sports drinks are the same
- Supplement are necessary for maximum performance
Write briefly about protein as an essential component of diet. [Delhi Outside 2016]
Answer 2:
Protein contains elements carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulphar. Proteins are nutrients that help to build the body and make new cells. They help us repair worn-out tissues. They are especially important for growing children. They are called body building food. Milk, eggs, cheese, pulses, meat and fish have lots of proteins.
Question 3:
Briefly explain the function and resources of three fat soluble vitamins. [Delhi 2015]
Answer 3:
Fat soluble vitamins are A, D, E and K.
Functions: vitamins increase immunity power in our body against disease and also give their important contribution for general development of body.
Sources of Vitamin A: ghee, milk, curd, egg yolk, fish, tomato, papaya, green vegetables, orange, spinach, carrot, pumpkin etc.
Sources of Vitamin D: egg yolk, fish, sunlight. Vegetables, cod liver oil, milk, cream, butter, tomato, carrot etc.
Sources of Vitamin E: green vegetables, kidney, liver, heart cotton seed, sprouts seeds, coconut oil, yolk, dry and fresh fruits, milk, meat, butter and maize.
Sources of Vitamin K: cauliflower, spinach, cabbage, tomatoes, potato, green vegetables, wheat, egg and meat etc.
Question 4:
Elaborate the important nutrients/elements of a balanced diet. [All India 2011]
Answer 4:
Elements of a Balanced diet: There are many nutrients in the food but these are mainly grouped into six classes namely carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water. The energy value of food is measured in heat units called calorie. The mixture that we require is 57% carbohydrates, 30% fats and 13% proteins. Carbohydrates; proteins and Fats to supply us energy. The energy yield per gram is as follows:
(i) Carbohydrate – 4 calories
(ii) Fat – 9 calories
(iii) Protein – 4 calories
Basic elements of our diet are:
(i) Carbohydrates: The main source of energy comes from carbohydrates.
(ii) Proteins: They provide essential growth and repair of muscles and other body tissues.
(iii) Fats: These are a source of energy which is important in relation to fat – soluble Vitamins.
(iv) Vitamins: These are required in our body in very small amount. They are required for various metabolic process. They are divided into two groups – fat soluble and water soluble vitamins.
(v) Minerals: These contain elements needed in our body in small quantities. These are essential for proper growth and functioning of our body.
(vi) Water: Water is essential to normal body function. It serves as a vehicle for carrying other nutrients.
Question 5:
Write in brief about important minerals requirement. [Delhi 2015]
Answer 5:
Minerals are very important nutritive components of food. Minerals are helpful for health and general development of the body, proper functioning of the muscles, formation of teeth, clotting of blood and in maintaining the balance of acid and base in the body. The main minerals are stated below:
Calcium: Calcium is helpful in the formation of teeth and bones. It helps in clotting of blood. It also maintains the balance between acid and base. Its deficiency causes numerous diseases like asthma, rickets and skin diseases like scabies, eczema and chilblains etc. Milk, cheese, yolk, orange and green vegetables have rich amount of calcium.
Phosphorus: Phosphorus is helpful in the formation of teeth and bones. It is found in egg, fish, meat, milk, liver and in unpolished rice.
Iron: Iron has an important role to play in the human body. It plays an important function in the formation of haemoglobin. It is also helpful in metabolising fats, carbohydrates and protein. Its absence in body may cause anaemia. The main source of iron is liver. Besides this, it is found in enough quantity in meat, egg, dry fruits and green vegetables.
Iodine: For the creativity as well as activity of thyroid gland, the iodine is essential. The deficiency of iodine may cause goitre disease. Its deficiency may hinder the growth and development. A child may remain a dwarf. The skin becomes rough and fatty. Its deficiency may stop the growth of hair. Generally, iodine is not taken in sufficient quantity by those persons who live too far from the sea. It is found in rich quantity in sea fish. Iodized salt is the main source of iodine.
Sodium: Sodium maintains the balance of acid and base. It also maintains the balance of water in the body. Sodium also helps in the contraction of muscles. Sodium is available in enough quantity in common salts. Besides this, it is found in milk and milk products, meat, eggs, etc.
Potassium: The deficiency of potassium weakens the muscles of the body and the individual becomes lethargic. An individual may fall prey to Addison’s disease. It is mostly found in carrot, beet root, onion, tomato, orange, mango, banana and apple, etc.
Sulphur: It is helpful for the cells of body. It is also helpful for the formation of hair and nails. It is found in egg, radish, pulses, carrot, peas, spinach, tomato, cabbage and cereals.
Question 6:
In sports such as Boxing and Wrestling, the players tend to lose weight sharply. Explain the Pitfalls of dieting. [CBSE Sample Paper 2015]
Answer 6:
In boxing and wrestling the players tend to lose weight sharply because they want to compete in lower weight category than their actual weight. A few weeks before the competition, they undergo vigorous training programme along with diet control. They wear weight jacket and go for long, run. Along with this they reduce the intake of proteins and fats in their diet. This reduces their weight instantly or sharply. The pitfalls are:
(i) Sudden weight gain: Weight loss through exercises is a good thing but weight loss through dieting is very harmful. It makes your physique worse because after dieting when you came to your original eating pattern your body starts gaining more fat than it used to before dieting.
(ii) Dietary deficiency: When you cut short your diet, source of the major nutrients such as carbohydrates and proteins do not meet the adequate amount. This can lead to many deficiencies e.g., there are dark circles under eyes and the person looks pale. Then he must go for anaemia check-up, etc. as these are the side-effects of dieting.
(iii) Health Problem: Sudden weight loss because of reduced calorie intake can lead to exhaustion. It has also negative effect. People think that skipping a meal saves calories but it will end up with some health problem.
5 MARKER QUESTIONS
Download Long Answer Type Questions
Chapter 3: Yoga and Lifestyle / योग और जीवन शैली शारीरिक
Chapter 4: Physical Education and Sports for Differently – Abled / शिक्षा और खेल – विभिन्न अक्षमताओं एवं विकारों के संदर्भ में
Chapter 5: Children and Sports / बच्चे तथा खेल
1 MARKER QUESTIONS
Download Very Short Answer Questions
Question 1:
How participation in physical activities enhances self-esteem among children? [Delhi Outside 2016]
Answer 1:
Question 1:
How participation in physical activities enhances self-esteem among children? [Delhi Outside 2016]
Answer 1:
- Improve Physical Self
- Self Confidence
- Ability to solve problem
- Stop comparing yourself to others
- Self-Discipline
- Non-Blaming Behaviour
- Good self-care.
- Self-Respect
- Own appearance
- Beliefs
- 11. Control on emotions and behaviours
3 MARKER QUESTIONS
Download Short Answer Questions
Question 1:
Write briefly, what is the role of physical activities in improving the quality of life. [Delhi 2016]
Answer 1:
Role of physical activities in improving the quality of life as follows:
Question 2:
Sports are good for all age groups. Competitive sports are a showcase of power at the international arena. Supremacy over the other country is indirectly shown by standing at the top of medal tally. To achieve their target few countries are imparting very strict training to growing children. Over the years many organizations have raised their voice against the intensity with which training is scheduled for making an international athlete.
(i). Elaborate any two physiological benefits of exercise in children.
(ii). What are the disadvantages of giving high intensity training to the growing children? [All India 2016]
Answer 2:
Physiological benefits of exercise in children
Disadvantages of giving high intensity training to the growing children
Question 3:
Critically, explain the use of dietary supplements in heavy dose for longer duration. Justify your answer with two suitable examples. [All India 2015]
Answer 3:
Dietary supplement in heavy dose for longer duration of time is very harmful to our body. It damages some of the internal organs, such as liver and may leads to accumulation of excess body fat. It can even cause birth defects. Excessive calcium in diet for longer time may lead to stones in kidney, vomiting, and headache.
Question 1:
Write briefly, what is the role of physical activities in improving the quality of life. [Delhi 2016]
Answer 1:
Role of physical activities in improving the quality of life as follows:
- Boosts mental wellness
- Improve physical wellness
- Boosts energy level
- Promotes enthusiasm and optimism
- Counters anxiety and depression
- Helps manage stress
- Releases tension
- Improves self – image
- Delays or prevent chronic illness & diseases
- Delay aging
Question 2:
Sports are good for all age groups. Competitive sports are a showcase of power at the international arena. Supremacy over the other country is indirectly shown by standing at the top of medal tally. To achieve their target few countries are imparting very strict training to growing children. Over the years many organizations have raised their voice against the intensity with which training is scheduled for making an international athlete.
(i). Elaborate any two physiological benefits of exercise in children.
(ii). What are the disadvantages of giving high intensity training to the growing children? [All India 2016]
Answer 2:
Physiological benefits of exercise in children
- Exercise controls weight
- Strength the bones
- Strength the lungs
- Promote changes in the brain structure
- Strength the Heart
- Boost energy level
- Reduce blood sugar level
- Builds strong and healthy muscles
- Motor development
- Helps in digestive process
- Improves neuro muscular co-ordination
- Help in staying healthy
Disadvantages of giving high intensity training to the growing children
- Stress/fatigue
- Chances of overload
- Early maturity
- Can reach too early top form
- Less flexibility
- Chances of injury
Question 3:
Critically, explain the use of dietary supplements in heavy dose for longer duration. Justify your answer with two suitable examples. [All India 2015]
Answer 3:
Dietary supplement in heavy dose for longer duration of time is very harmful to our body. It damages some of the internal organs, such as liver and may leads to accumulation of excess body fat. It can even cause birth defects. Excessive calcium in diet for longer time may lead to stones in kidney, vomiting, and headache.
5 MARKER QUESTIONS
Download Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1:
Elucidate the meaning of motor development in childhood. Discuss in detail about various factors affecting motor development. [Delhi 2016]
Answer 1:
Motor development refers to changes in children’s ability to control their body’s movements like walking, jogging, running, climbing, jumping, throwing etc.
Factors affecting motor development:
Write in details about the physical and physiological advantages of physical exercise during the childhood stages. Explain any Five. [All India 2016]
Answer 2:
There are various physical and physiological advantages of exercise for children which are described below:
Question 3:
Participation in physical activity for a longer duration maintain functional fitness among aged population. Justify [All India 2016]
Answer 3:
Draw a circuit training plan for developing strength among school children. [CBSE Sample Paper 2015]
Answer 4:
Circuit training plan for developing strength among school children:
Question 5:
Weight training is one of the oldest methods for development of strength. What are its advantages and disadvantages? [All India 2015]
Answer 5:
Advantages of weight training:
No doubt weight training has various advantages, on the other hand it has some disadvantages too, which are stated below:
Question 1:
Elucidate the meaning of motor development in childhood. Discuss in detail about various factors affecting motor development. [Delhi 2016]
Answer 1:
Motor development refers to changes in children’s ability to control their body’s movements like walking, jogging, running, climbing, jumping, throwing etc.
Factors affecting motor development:
- Biological Factors: Biological factors are related to the genes. These factors are also known as heredity or genetic factors. The genes which we get from our parents are responsible for various types of development including motor development. The percentage of fast twitch fibres and slow twitch fibres depend on biological factors. In fact, these factors are likely to affect the rate and ability of motor development. These factors are related to body weight, size and strength’ Research studies show that the children with proportionately longer legs, who are not overweight, usually walk earlier than the children with shorter legs.
- Environmental Factors: Environmental factors such as physical and social factors are likely to affect the motor development of children, Research studies indicate that motor development takes place at faster rate in children who are encouraged to explore their surroundings. Generally it is observed that boys are expected to be involved in sports in comparison to girls in most of the society. Boys are encouraged to take part in motor activities. They are given more opportunities to take part in sports activities. Those children, who are not encouraged or motivated towards motor activities have slow rate of motor development. In fact, encouragement, love and security help the child to take risk to explore fearlessly which leads to better motor development.
- Nutrition: Nutrition is also liable to affect the motor development. Indeed, nutritious food promotes good motor development. Sensory motor development is dependent upon nutrition. If children get nutritious food they get stronger which ultimately leads to good motor development. On the other hand, if children do not get proper nutrition they are found to be less energetic and owing to that their motor development takes place slowly.
- Physical Activities: Performing regular physical activities’ enhances the motor development at a faster rate. However, the physical activities must be according to the capabilities of children. Those children, who do not perform or practise physical activities regularly their motor development becomes slow lf they do not perform even minor activities, their motor development also becomes so slow that they take a long time for motor development.
- Opportunities: It is a well-known fact that the children who get ample opportunities to perform more and more physical activities or motor activities are likely to have better motor development. In fact, opportunities to take part in motor activities give a better chance for developing sensory motor activities. If proper opportunities are not given to children the motor development cannot take place in those children properly or there can be slow process of motor development in such children.
- Sensory Impairments: Sensory impairments such as visual impairments and hearing impairments etc. are likely to affect the motor development of children. Due to hearing impairments to follow the instruction about any type of motor activity becomes more difficult’ ln the same way, visual impairments also slow down the process of motor development. On the other hand, if there are no sensory impairments in children they will have better motor development.
- Postural Deformities: Postural deformities in children definitely affect their motor development. Any postural deformity viz. spinal curvature deformities, flat foot, knock knees and bow legged etc. creates hindrances or obstacles in the path of motor development of children. In the absence of postural deformities the motor development in children takes place at a faster rate.
- Obesity: Obesity and overweight have negative effect on the motor development of children. It means that children who are overweight or obese do not feel enough enthusiasm for any motor activity and may even find it uncomfortable to perform it. Motor development in such children takes place very slowly. They take more time to perform motor movement.
Write in details about the physical and physiological advantages of physical exercise during the childhood stages. Explain any Five. [All India 2016]
Answer 2:
There are various physical and physiological advantages of exercise for children which are described below:
- Exercise Controls Weight: Regular exercise helps in controlling weight. In fact weight gain occurs when child takes more calories than the requirement of his body. The unused or excess calories are accumulated as fats in his body. In this way, he starts gaining weight which ultimately leads him towards overweight and obesity. Nowadays a lot of children not only in India but throughout the world are getting obese which is the root cause of various physiological problems. Regular exercise helps such children in burning excess calories. The more intense the activity or exercise, the more calories they burn. Regular exercise takes the fat away and lowers the excess weight. As a matter of fact, exercise is beneficial for children in preventing, controlling and maintaining weight.
- Exercise Strengthens Bones: Exercise builds strong bones. As a matter of fact, exercise increases bone density which helps in preventing osteoporosis. If regular exercise is not performed, the bones usually lose their density, become weak, fragile and porous. Hence, exercise is beneficial for strengthening the bones.
- Exercise Strengthens the Lungs: Exercise is beneficial for children because it enhances the lungs, capacity and their efficiency in inhalation and exhalation. It increases the size of lungs. Tidal air capacity and vital air capacity are increased. Even unused alveolus become active. So, it can be said that lungs are strengthened and becomes capable to perform various activities for a longer duration.
- Promotes Changes in the Brain Structure: Exercise changes the brain structure and functions in infants and young children which are beneficial for them. As a matter of fact, sensory stimulation through exercise is essential for maximum growth and development of the young nervous system. It also stimulates various chemicals which help the children to feel happier and more relaxed.
- Exercise Strengthens the Heart: Exercise improves the performance and efficiency of heart. The heart responds to exercise by becoming stronger and more efficient. Exercise not only makes the muscles of heart stronger but increases its size also. Exercise helps in increasing stroke volume, cardiac output, blood volume and total haemoglobin which ultimately improves the function of heart.
- Exercise Boosts Energy Level: Regular exercise usually make the children more energetic. It allows them to be more active and provides enough energy to do a number of activities without getting fatigue. Owing to that children do not get tired and continue to perform many forms of activities for longer duration. Exercise helps in delivering oxygen and nutrients to body tissues. It improves the cardiovascular system to work more efficiently which ultimately boosts the energy level.
- Exercise Reduces Blood Sugar Level: Nowadays, the high blood sugar level is not only the problem of adults but children are also falling into the trap of high sugar level. Exercise is beneficial in preventing sugar from accumulating in the blood by triggering muscles to take up more glucose from blood and use it for energy. Exercise also enhances the level of insulin which also helps in utilizing the sugar level already accumulated in the blood. In fact, it finally reduces the risk of developing diabetes in children.
- Exercise Builds Strong and Healthy Muscles: Exercise is beneficial in building strong and healthy muscles. Due to exercise non-functioning muscle fibres become active. Consequently the strength of muscles increases because the total contractile power of muscle fibres increases. By having strong muscles, children are not likely to have the problem of postural deformities. So they should perform exercise to build strong muscles.
- Exercise Helps in Motor Development: Exercise helps in motor development of infants and children at a faster rate which ultimately helps in making fine movements in later life. By performing exercise in early age the movements of muscles become efficient and smooth. It can also be said that their movements become more attractive.
- Exercise Helps in Digestive Process: During childhood, the growth and development takes place at a faster rate, so for proper growth and development digestive process should be efficient. Research studies indicate that exercise is beneficial for improving the digestive process. It removes constipation, helps in making the absorption of food efficient. Food is also digested properly because glands also start working efficiently.
- Exercise Improves Neuromuscular Coordination: Exercise improves neuromuscular coordination. It takes place more efficiently during stage of childhood. Exercise helps in achieving coordination of nerves and muscles. It is really beneficial for children because it is required to make fine, precise, systematic and balanced movements which are required not only in the field of games and sports but in every facets of life. It can also be alluded that exercise leads to proficiency in neuromuscular skills that are the basis of successful participation in games and sports in the coming years or in adolescence and adulthood. It also increases maximum strength and explosive power.
- Exercise Helps in Staying Healthy: Exercise is beneficial for children because it helps in staying healthy. In fact, it increases the immunity power of children that helps in avoiding diseases. Owing to the craze after fast foods most of the children are falling prey i.e. various diseases or disorders such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and some kinds of cancer. If they do exercise regularly they may remain healthy which is beneficial for children to lead a fruitful life in future.
Question 3:
Participation in physical activity for a longer duration maintain functional fitness among aged population. Justify [All India 2016]
Answer 3:
- Controls Weight: Regular physical activity helps in controlling weight. In fact weight gain occurs when a person takes more calories than the requirement of his body. The unused or excess calories are accumulated as fats in his body. Regular exercise helps such children in burning excess calories. The more intense the activity or exercise, the more calories they burn. Regular exercise takes the fat away and lowers the excess weight.
- Strengthens Bones: physical activity builds strong bones. As a matter of fact, physical activity increases bone density. If regular physical activity is not performed, the bones usually lose their density, become weak, fragile and porous. Hence, exercise is beneficial for strengthening the bones.
- Strengthens the Heart: physical activity improves the performance and efficiency of heart. The heart responds to exercise by becoming stronger and more efficient. Physical activity not only makes the muscles of heart stronger but increases its size also physical activity helps in increasing stroke volume, cardiac output, blood volume and total haemoglobin which ultimately improves the function of heart.
- Boosts Energy Level: Regular physical activity usually make the person more energetic. It allows them to be more active and provides enough energy to do a number of activities without getting fatigue. It improves the cardiovascular system to work more efficiently which ultimately boosts the energy level.
- Reduces Blood Sugar Level: Nowadays, the high blood sugar level is the common problem of adults. Physical activity is beneficial in preventing sugar from accumulating in the blood by triggering muscles to take up more glucose from blood and use it for energy. Physical activity also enhances the level of insulin which also helps in utilizing the sugar level already accumulated in the blood.
- Builds Strong and Healthy Muscles: Physical activity is beneficial in building strong and healthy muscles. Due to exercise non-functioning muscle fibres become active. Consequently the strength of muscles increases because the total contractile power of muscle fibres increases.
- Staying Healthy: Physical activity helps in staying healthy. In fact, it increases the immunity power of the person that helps in avoiding diseases.
Draw a circuit training plan for developing strength among school children. [CBSE Sample Paper 2015]
Answer 4:
Circuit training plan for developing strength among school children:
Question 5:
Weight training is one of the oldest methods for development of strength. What are its advantages and disadvantages? [All India 2015]
Answer 5:
Advantages of weight training:
- Helps in getting good shape: Weight training is an extraordinary training. This is full of magic because it can shape up all people by using appropriate schedules (and sometimes appropriate diet). Fat people can become trim and slim, people can put on weight if so desired. The weak can become strong and the strong can become stronger. The slower can become speedier and the ponderous can become more dynamic. In fact, weight training helps individuals in getting the entire body in good shape. It is beneficial not only for upper body but lower body also.
- Best means of providing fitness: Weight training has a major advantage over other means of fitness. It takes less time, except for throwers and competitive weightlifters who need longer sessions. Optimum gains can be made by spending just one hour, three times a week in weight training gymnasium. It enhances all the components of health related fitness such as muscular strength and body composition.
- Helpful in enhancing athletic performance: A perfect weight training programme is helpful in enhancing athletic performance. The advantages of strength training to athletic performance are enormous. Weight training is one of the most significant components of conditioning programme for runners, throwers, jumpers, wrestlers, boxers and players of football, basketball and other games.
- Best means to develop strength: Today weight training is considered as the best means of securing strength but it requires proper guidance of coaches and expert physical trainers. The weight training exercises have value but have to be done carefully and systematically. In fact, there is no other better means to improve strength, speed and endurance for application to all sports and to all walks of life than by training with weights.
- Increases bone density: Weight training helps in increasing bone density. Research studies which have been conducted in this field indicate that the risk of osteoporosis is lower for the individuals who perform weight training exercises at least three times a week.
- Reduces stress and tension: Weight training is also advantageous for reducing stress and tension.
No doubt weight training has various advantages, on the other hand it has some disadvantages too, which are stated below:
- Risk of injuries: While performing weight training, there is always a risk of getting injuries specially when performing exercise without any companion. Whenever you are not able to perform the required repetitions of exercise, at that critical movement if you are alone you may be injured. So you should always have a companion or supporter with you in case the worst happens. In addition you should perform weight training under expert physical trainer.
- Less flexibility: Weight training reduces the level of flexibility if flexibility, exercises are not done along with weight training. However this is a mild or little disadvantage in comparison to many advantages. If flexibility exercises are performed persistently it will be negligible.
Chapter 6: Women and Sports / महिलाएँ और खेल
1 MARKER QUESTIONS
Download Very Short Answer Questions
Question 1:
Explain the term ‘Menarche’. [Delhi 2016]
Answer 1:
Menarche is the first menstruation and the commencement of cyclic menstrual function in female. It usually occurs between 9 to 17 years of age.
Question 2:
What is Osteoporosis? [Delhi Outside 2016]
Answer 2:
Osteoporosis: Low Oestrogen Levels & Poor Nutrition, Especially low calcium intake makes bone porous.
OR
Osteoporosis is a weakening of the bones due to the loss of bone density and improper bone formation.
Question 3:
Suggest any four ways through which women participation in sport across age group can be enhanced. [Delhi 2015]
Answer 3:
Four ways to enhance women participation:
(i) Do not treat them as low profile popularity of sports in community is bound to promote women programmes of sports.
(ii) Provide the encouragement at primary level.
(iii) Provide good infrastructure and facilities.
(iv) Make them feel safe and secure by giving incentives.
Question 1:
Explain the term ‘Menarche’. [Delhi 2016]
Answer 1:
Menarche is the first menstruation and the commencement of cyclic menstrual function in female. It usually occurs between 9 to 17 years of age.
Question 2:
What is Osteoporosis? [Delhi Outside 2016]
Answer 2:
Osteoporosis: Low Oestrogen Levels & Poor Nutrition, Especially low calcium intake makes bone porous.
OR
Osteoporosis is a weakening of the bones due to the loss of bone density and improper bone formation.
Question 3:
Suggest any four ways through which women participation in sport across age group can be enhanced. [Delhi 2015]
Answer 3:
Four ways to enhance women participation:
(i) Do not treat them as low profile popularity of sports in community is bound to promote women programmes of sports.
(ii) Provide the encouragement at primary level.
(iii) Provide good infrastructure and facilities.
(iv) Make them feel safe and secure by giving incentives.
3 MARKER QUESTIONS
Download Short Answer Questions
5 MARKER QUESTIONS
Download Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1:
Discuss in detail about Female Athletes Triad. [Delhi 2016]
Answer 1:
Female athlete triad is a syndrome in which anaemia, Oesteoporosis and amenorrhoea are present. It is simply known as ‘triad’. The triad is a serious disorder or illness with lifelong health consequences and can be very fatal. The symptoms of triad may include fatigue, frequent injuries, loss of endurance and power irritability, increased healing time form injuries, cessation of menstruation and low self-esteem etc.
In fact, regular menstrual losses increase the iron needs of female athletes. By limiting or eliminating meat, eliminates some of the best available source of iron. In fact, iron from fruits, vegetables and cereals sources is not absorbed well as that from animal sources. Female athletes specially the long distance runners may loose iron through intestinal bleeding, sweat, urine and faeces.
There are various factors which usually lead to Oesteoporosis among women athletes:
Amenorrhoea is a menstrual disorder in females in which females of 18 years and above either never began menstruating or there is an absence of menstruation for three months or more than that in females with a history of normal menstrual cycle. Amenorrhoea can also be defined as the cessation of woman’s menstrual cycle more than three months or more.
Types of Amenorrhoea
There are two types of amenorrhoea:
Question 2:
Keeping in view of the Indian Ideology, critically analyze the sociological aspect of women Athletes in sports participation. [Delhi Outside 2016]
Answer 2:
Sociological Aspects
Role of Family
Family is a significant social factor which is said to be generally responsible for early sports socialization. Some research studies indicate that the socialising process at home for both sexes is different. Males usually get more support and encouragement to get involved in sport activities. They are furthermore provided with role models who encourage and support participation in sports and games.
Role of School
Some schools there is still discrepancy as to which gender (male/female) should participate in which game. As a matter of fact, a lot of schools do not have girls, soccer, basketball and volleyball teams as these are labelled as males sport. It depends upon school whether females are encouraged to participate in sports or not. On the other hand, in some schools it is compulsory to play at least one sport for males as well as females.
Role of Culture
Cultural beliefs have a great impact on the involvement of females in sports. “A women’s place is in the kitchen” is still a common saying and many cultures still firmly believe in it. Participation in sports masculinises females and is therefore viewed negatively. The above sentence confirms the fact that masculine and feminine behaviours are culture bound.
Prejudice of society
Prejudices of society play significant role in sports participation. Some females avoid certain sports for fear of being perceived masculine. Due to such attitude and prejudices of society regarding sexuality inhibit females to participate.
Question 1:
Discuss in detail about Female Athletes Triad. [Delhi 2016]
Answer 1:
Female athlete triad is a syndrome in which anaemia, Oesteoporosis and amenorrhoea are present. It is simply known as ‘triad’. The triad is a serious disorder or illness with lifelong health consequences and can be very fatal. The symptoms of triad may include fatigue, frequent injuries, loss of endurance and power irritability, increased healing time form injuries, cessation of menstruation and low self-esteem etc.
- Anaemia
In fact, regular menstrual losses increase the iron needs of female athletes. By limiting or eliminating meat, eliminates some of the best available source of iron. In fact, iron from fruits, vegetables and cereals sources is not absorbed well as that from animal sources. Female athletes specially the long distance runners may loose iron through intestinal bleeding, sweat, urine and faeces.
- Oesteoporosis
There are various factors which usually lead to Oesteoporosis among women athletes:
- Insufficient calcium in diet: The main cause of Oesteoporosis is intake of insufficient amount of calcium in diet. In fact, 100mg calcium should be taken in daily by a woman athlete.
- Amenorrhoea: Women suffering from menstrual dysfunction or amenorrhoea for more than six months are likely to face Oesteoporosis because the secretion of the hormone called ‘oestrogen’ is decreased in those women. This hormone is necessary for absorption of calcium in our body.
- Eating disorders: Eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia etc. may also cause Oesteoporosis because there can be less amount of calcium intake. In fact, not getting sufficient amount of calcium can also have a lasting effect on how strong a woman’s bones are in later part of life.
- Bad eating habits: Various research studies indicate that intake of caffeine, alcohol, tobacco or smoking etc. may also lead to Oesteoporosis. Indeed these products have negative effect on the bone density.
Amenorrhoea is a menstrual disorder in females in which females of 18 years and above either never began menstruating or there is an absence of menstruation for three months or more than that in females with a history of normal menstrual cycle. Amenorrhoea can also be defined as the cessation of woman’s menstrual cycle more than three months or more.
Types of Amenorrhoea
There are two types of amenorrhoea:
- Primary Amenorrhoea: Primary amenorrhoea is characterized by delayed menarche which is the onset of first period during puberty.
- Secondary Amenorrhoea: A women having her natural menstrual cycle at specific time and then stops menstruating for three months or more is said to have secondary amenorrhoea.
Question 2:
Keeping in view of the Indian Ideology, critically analyze the sociological aspect of women Athletes in sports participation. [Delhi Outside 2016]
Answer 2:
Sociological Aspects
Role of Family
Family is a significant social factor which is said to be generally responsible for early sports socialization. Some research studies indicate that the socialising process at home for both sexes is different. Males usually get more support and encouragement to get involved in sport activities. They are furthermore provided with role models who encourage and support participation in sports and games.
Role of School
Some schools there is still discrepancy as to which gender (male/female) should participate in which game. As a matter of fact, a lot of schools do not have girls, soccer, basketball and volleyball teams as these are labelled as males sport. It depends upon school whether females are encouraged to participate in sports or not. On the other hand, in some schools it is compulsory to play at least one sport for males as well as females.
Role of Culture
Cultural beliefs have a great impact on the involvement of females in sports. “A women’s place is in the kitchen” is still a common saying and many cultures still firmly believe in it. Participation in sports masculinises females and is therefore viewed negatively. The above sentence confirms the fact that masculine and feminine behaviours are culture bound.
Prejudice of society
Prejudices of society play significant role in sports participation. Some females avoid certain sports for fear of being perceived masculine. Due to such attitude and prejudices of society regarding sexuality inhibit females to participate.
Chapter 7: Test and Measurement in Sports/खेल में टेस्ट और मापन
1 MARKER QUESTIONS
Question 1:
What test would you suggest to measure upper body strength for aged population? [Delhi 2016]
Answer 1:
The Arm Curl Test is to measure upper body strength for aged populations.
Question 2:
Explain the procedure for Eight Foot Up and Go Test? [Delhi Outside 2016]
Answer 2:
Procedure: Place the chair next to a wall & mark 8 feet in front of the chair. The subject starts by fully seated, hand resting on knees & feet flat on ground. On command ‘Go’ timing is started & the subject stands & walks as quickly as possible around the cone. Back to initial position and sit on to chair. A Person sit down Stop time. Perform two trials.
Question 3:
Which motor quality does a senior citizen lack who finds difficulty in tying the shoe laces while sitting on the chair? [CBSE Sample paper 2015]
Answer 3:
The motor quality which a senior citizen lacks while tying the shoe laces is lower body flexibility. As we grow older our flexibility is reduced to a great extent.
Question 4:
Calculate the Physical Fitness Index using short formula for a L2 year old by having completed Harvard step test for a duration of 3 minute and a pulse rate of 54 beats for 1 to 1.5 minute. [Delhi 2015]
Answer 4:
Physical Fitness Index = (Duration of exercise in seconds x 100)/(5.5 x Pulse count between 1-1.5 minutes)
Duration of exercise for 12-year old boy = 3 minutes
Pulse count for 1 to 1.5 minutes = 54
So, Physical Fitness Index = (3 x 60 x 100)/(5.5 x 54) = 18000/297 = 60.6
So, by looking at the norms of Harvard Step Test, the 12 year old boy physical condition is under the category of low average.
Question 5:
Which test would you suggest for your grandmother to test lower body flexibility? [All India 2015]
Answer 5:
The chair sit and reach test for lower body flexibility.
What test would you suggest to measure upper body strength for aged population? [Delhi 2016]
Answer 1:
The Arm Curl Test is to measure upper body strength for aged populations.
Question 2:
Explain the procedure for Eight Foot Up and Go Test? [Delhi Outside 2016]
Answer 2:
Procedure: Place the chair next to a wall & mark 8 feet in front of the chair. The subject starts by fully seated, hand resting on knees & feet flat on ground. On command ‘Go’ timing is started & the subject stands & walks as quickly as possible around the cone. Back to initial position and sit on to chair. A Person sit down Stop time. Perform two trials.
Question 3:
Which motor quality does a senior citizen lack who finds difficulty in tying the shoe laces while sitting on the chair? [CBSE Sample paper 2015]
Answer 3:
The motor quality which a senior citizen lacks while tying the shoe laces is lower body flexibility. As we grow older our flexibility is reduced to a great extent.
Question 4:
Calculate the Physical Fitness Index using short formula for a L2 year old by having completed Harvard step test for a duration of 3 minute and a pulse rate of 54 beats for 1 to 1.5 minute. [Delhi 2015]
Answer 4:
Physical Fitness Index = (Duration of exercise in seconds x 100)/(5.5 x Pulse count between 1-1.5 minutes)
Duration of exercise for 12-year old boy = 3 minutes
Pulse count for 1 to 1.5 minutes = 54
So, Physical Fitness Index = (3 x 60 x 100)/(5.5 x 54) = 18000/297 = 60.6
So, by looking at the norms of Harvard Step Test, the 12 year old boy physical condition is under the category of low average.
Question 5:
Which test would you suggest for your grandmother to test lower body flexibility? [All India 2015]
Answer 5:
The chair sit and reach test for lower body flexibility.
5 MARKER QUESTIONS
Question 1:
Discuss in detail about the AAPHER Motor Fitness Test specifically mentioning the various items in this test battery and its administration. [Delhi 2016]
Answer 1:
AAPHER stands for American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Various AAHPER youth fitness test items included are as follows:
The bar is hung at a height where students can freely hang off the floor. With the overhand grip, the student should raise his body until his chin is over the bar and lower it again to the starting position with his arms fully extended. Swinging, Knee bend is not allowed. One point is scored each time the student completes a pull up.
Flexed – Arm Hang (Girls)
The height of bar should be adjusted to the standing height of the subject. The student grasp the bar with overhand grip. She then raises her body off the floor with the help of assistant to a position where the chin is above the bar. Now the subject holds the ‘hang’ position as long as possible. The stop watch is started when subject assumes starting position and stopped when the chin touches the bar.
Question 2:
How the Cardiovascular fitness is measured with the help of “Harvard Step Test”? Write in details about its administrative procedure. [Delhi Outside 2016]
OR
Explain in brief “The Harvard Step Test”. [All India 2015]
Answer 2:
Cardiovascular fitness is the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen-rich blood to the working muscle tissues and the ability of the muscles to use oxygen to produce energy for movements. Harvard Step Test is a cardiovascular fitness test. It is also called aerobic fitness test.
Administrative procedure of Harvard Step Test
Purpose: To measure the general capacity of the heart and circulatory system for measurement of cardiovascular efficiency.
Age level and sex: It is designed for college man by Brouha in 1943 at Harvard University Laboratory. It is also modified to suit both sexes from Elementary school to college level.
Time Allotment: 5 minutes
Facilities and Equipment: A stop watch, 20″ height bench, partners, stethoscope, metronome, score sheet.
Procedure: The athlete stands in front of the bench or box. On the command ‘Go’ the athlete steps up and down on the bench or box at a rate of 30 steps per minute (one second up one second down) for 5 minutes (150 steps). Stopwatch is also started simultaneously at the start of the stepping. After that the athlete sits down immediately after completion of the test i.e. after 5 minutes. The total number of heartbeats are counted between 1 to 1.5 minutes after completion of the last step. The heartbeats are counted for 30 seconds period. Again the heartbeats are noted for 30 seconds after the finishing of the test. After that third time the heartbeats are noted after 3 minutes of completion of the test for 30 seconds period. The same foot must start the step up each time, and an erect posture must be assumed on the bench.
Calculation of the Score: The athlete’s fitness index score is calculated with the help of following formula:
Fitness index score = (100 x test duration in seconds) / (2 x sum of heart beats in recovery periods)
Question 3:
How can the minimum muscular strength for children be assessed? [CBSE Sample Paper 2015]
OR
Explain the procedure for conducting Kraus-Weber test for measuring minimum muscular strength. [Delhi 2015]
Answer 3:
This test consists of six items. These tests are supposed to measure the minimum muscular fitness of an individual. In fact, they measure the level of strength and flexibility of certain key muscle groups below which the functioning of the whole body as a healthy individual seems to be endangered. These tests are graded on a pass-fail basis. But partial movements on each test can be scored from 0 to 10.
The administration of these tests are as follows:
Test No.1: The subject lies down in supine position i.e., flat on his back and hands behind his neck. The examiner holds his feet to keep him on the ground. The subject is asked to perform one sit-up. If he performs one sit-up, he passes this test. If he cannot raise his shoulders from the table or ground, his score remains zero.
Test No.2: The lying position for this test remains same i.e., in supine position except that his knees are bent and ankles remain in touch with his buttocks. He is asked to perform one sit-up. If he is able to perform full sit-up, he passes this test. If he is unable to raise his shoulders from the table or ground, he gets zero.
Test No.3: The subject lies in supine position i.e., lies flat on his back with his hands behind the neck. He is asked to raise his feet 10 inches from the ground. His knees should be straight. The examiner counts to 10 seconds. He passes this test if he holds that position for ten seconds. Scoring from 0-10 depends on the number of seconds he holds the appropriate position.
Test No.4: The subject lies in prone position i.e., on his stomach with a pillow under his lower abdomen and his hands behind his neck. The examiner holds his feet down. The subject is asked to raise his chest, head and shoulders, while the examiner counts to 10 seconds. He passes this test if he is able to hold the exact position up to 10 seconds. Scoring from 0-10 depends on the number of seconds he holds the exact position.
Test No.5: The subject’s position remains the same, but the examiner holds his chest down. The subject is asked to raise his feet. His knees should be straight. The examiner counts to 10 seconds. Scoring from 0-10 depends on the number of seconds he holds the position.
Test No.6: It is also known as floor-touch test. It measures the flexibility of trunk. The subject stands erect, bare-footed, hands at sides and feet together. He is asked to lean down slowly to touch the floor with fingertips for 3 seconds. In this test bouncing or jerking is not allowed. The examiner holds his knees in order to prevent any bend, if it occurs. Scoring from 0-10 depends on the number of seconds he holds the position.
Discuss in detail about the AAPHER Motor Fitness Test specifically mentioning the various items in this test battery and its administration. [Delhi 2016]
Answer 1:
AAPHER stands for American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Various AAHPER youth fitness test items included are as follows:
- Pull-ups (Boys) / Flexed – Arm Hang (Girls)
The bar is hung at a height where students can freely hang off the floor. With the overhand grip, the student should raise his body until his chin is over the bar and lower it again to the starting position with his arms fully extended. Swinging, Knee bend is not allowed. One point is scored each time the student completes a pull up.
Flexed – Arm Hang (Girls)
The height of bar should be adjusted to the standing height of the subject. The student grasp the bar with overhand grip. She then raises her body off the floor with the help of assistant to a position where the chin is above the bar. Now the subject holds the ‘hang’ position as long as possible. The stop watch is started when subject assumes starting position and stopped when the chin touches the bar.
- Flexed – Leg Sit – ups
- Shuttle Run
- Standing Long Jump
- 50 yard Dash
- 600 yard Run – Walk
Question 2:
How the Cardiovascular fitness is measured with the help of “Harvard Step Test”? Write in details about its administrative procedure. [Delhi Outside 2016]
OR
Explain in brief “The Harvard Step Test”. [All India 2015]
Answer 2:
Cardiovascular fitness is the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen-rich blood to the working muscle tissues and the ability of the muscles to use oxygen to produce energy for movements. Harvard Step Test is a cardiovascular fitness test. It is also called aerobic fitness test.
Administrative procedure of Harvard Step Test
Purpose: To measure the general capacity of the heart and circulatory system for measurement of cardiovascular efficiency.
Age level and sex: It is designed for college man by Brouha in 1943 at Harvard University Laboratory. It is also modified to suit both sexes from Elementary school to college level.
Time Allotment: 5 minutes
Facilities and Equipment: A stop watch, 20″ height bench, partners, stethoscope, metronome, score sheet.
Procedure: The athlete stands in front of the bench or box. On the command ‘Go’ the athlete steps up and down on the bench or box at a rate of 30 steps per minute (one second up one second down) for 5 minutes (150 steps). Stopwatch is also started simultaneously at the start of the stepping. After that the athlete sits down immediately after completion of the test i.e. after 5 minutes. The total number of heartbeats are counted between 1 to 1.5 minutes after completion of the last step. The heartbeats are counted for 30 seconds period. Again the heartbeats are noted for 30 seconds after the finishing of the test. After that third time the heartbeats are noted after 3 minutes of completion of the test for 30 seconds period. The same foot must start the step up each time, and an erect posture must be assumed on the bench.
Calculation of the Score: The athlete’s fitness index score is calculated with the help of following formula:
Fitness index score = (100 x test duration in seconds) / (2 x sum of heart beats in recovery periods)
Question 3:
How can the minimum muscular strength for children be assessed? [CBSE Sample Paper 2015]
OR
Explain the procedure for conducting Kraus-Weber test for measuring minimum muscular strength. [Delhi 2015]
Answer 3:
This test consists of six items. These tests are supposed to measure the minimum muscular fitness of an individual. In fact, they measure the level of strength and flexibility of certain key muscle groups below which the functioning of the whole body as a healthy individual seems to be endangered. These tests are graded on a pass-fail basis. But partial movements on each test can be scored from 0 to 10.
The administration of these tests are as follows:
Test No.1: The subject lies down in supine position i.e., flat on his back and hands behind his neck. The examiner holds his feet to keep him on the ground. The subject is asked to perform one sit-up. If he performs one sit-up, he passes this test. If he cannot raise his shoulders from the table or ground, his score remains zero.
Test No.2: The lying position for this test remains same i.e., in supine position except that his knees are bent and ankles remain in touch with his buttocks. He is asked to perform one sit-up. If he is able to perform full sit-up, he passes this test. If he is unable to raise his shoulders from the table or ground, he gets zero.
Test No.3: The subject lies in supine position i.e., lies flat on his back with his hands behind the neck. He is asked to raise his feet 10 inches from the ground. His knees should be straight. The examiner counts to 10 seconds. He passes this test if he holds that position for ten seconds. Scoring from 0-10 depends on the number of seconds he holds the appropriate position.
Test No.4: The subject lies in prone position i.e., on his stomach with a pillow under his lower abdomen and his hands behind his neck. The examiner holds his feet down. The subject is asked to raise his chest, head and shoulders, while the examiner counts to 10 seconds. He passes this test if he is able to hold the exact position up to 10 seconds. Scoring from 0-10 depends on the number of seconds he holds the exact position.
Test No.5: The subject’s position remains the same, but the examiner holds his chest down. The subject is asked to raise his feet. His knees should be straight. The examiner counts to 10 seconds. Scoring from 0-10 depends on the number of seconds he holds the position.
Test No.6: It is also known as floor-touch test. It measures the flexibility of trunk. The subject stands erect, bare-footed, hands at sides and feet together. He is asked to lean down slowly to touch the floor with fingertips for 3 seconds. In this test bouncing or jerking is not allowed. The examiner holds his knees in order to prevent any bend, if it occurs. Scoring from 0-10 depends on the number of seconds he holds the position.
Chapter 8: Physiology and Sports/फिजियोलॉजी और स्पोर्ट्स
1 MARKER QUESTIONS
Download Very Short Answer Questions
Question 1:
What do you mean by ‘Cardiac Output’? [Delhi 2016]
Answer 1:
Cardiac output is the volume of the blood pumped by the heart, measured in litres per minute. It is a product of stroke volume and heart rate.
Question 2:
What is “Stroke Volume”? [Delhi Outside 2016]
Answer 2:
Amount of blood pumped by left ventricle in per beat.
At rest period – 50 to 70 ml/beat
During Exercise – 110 to 130 ml/beat
OR
Amount of blood ejected by heart in one stroke.
Question 3:
Explain the term ‘hypertrophy of muscles’. [Delhi 2015]
Answer 3:
Hypertrophy of muscles: Due to training the heart muscle fibers become thicker and stronger and thus help to have more forceful contractions of the heart. Strength training results in high degree of muscle hypertrophy, i.e. Increase in muscle size.
Question 4:
Why does involvement in regular exercise delay the onset of fatigue? [All India 2015]
Answer 4:
Regular exercise increases our cardio-respiratory endurance/efficiency which delays the onset of fatigue.
Question 5:
Define physical fitness. [Delhi 2014]
Answer 5:
Physical fitness to perform various activities in life depends mainly on three undermentioned components:
(i) Anatomic fitness
(ii) Physiological fitness
(iii) Psychological fitness
Question 6:
Define respiratory system [Delhi 2010]
Answer 6:
The respiratory system enables us to breathe. The act of breathing includes inhaling and exhaling of air in the body. In the process of respiration, oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is discharged.
Question 1:
What do you mean by ‘Cardiac Output’? [Delhi 2016]
Answer 1:
Cardiac output is the volume of the blood pumped by the heart, measured in litres per minute. It is a product of stroke volume and heart rate.
Question 2:
What is “Stroke Volume”? [Delhi Outside 2016]
Answer 2:
Amount of blood pumped by left ventricle in per beat.
At rest period – 50 to 70 ml/beat
During Exercise – 110 to 130 ml/beat
OR
Amount of blood ejected by heart in one stroke.
Question 3:
Explain the term ‘hypertrophy of muscles’. [Delhi 2015]
Answer 3:
Hypertrophy of muscles: Due to training the heart muscle fibers become thicker and stronger and thus help to have more forceful contractions of the heart. Strength training results in high degree of muscle hypertrophy, i.e. Increase in muscle size.
Question 4:
Why does involvement in regular exercise delay the onset of fatigue? [All India 2015]
Answer 4:
Regular exercise increases our cardio-respiratory endurance/efficiency which delays the onset of fatigue.
Question 5:
Define physical fitness. [Delhi 2014]
Answer 5:
Physical fitness to perform various activities in life depends mainly on three undermentioned components:
(i) Anatomic fitness
(ii) Physiological fitness
(iii) Psychological fitness
Question 6:
Define respiratory system [Delhi 2010]
Answer 6:
The respiratory system enables us to breathe. The act of breathing includes inhaling and exhaling of air in the body. In the process of respiration, oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is discharged.
3 MARKER QUESTIONS
Download Short Answer Questions
Question 1:
What are the changes that take place in cardiovascular system by doing regular exercise? [CBSE Sample Paper 2017]
Answer 1:
The cardio-vascular system undergoes various changes if exercises are performed. During exercise, the cardiovascular system begins to meet the increased demands of the body in many ways. The cardio-vascular system rushes oxygen to the working muscles, returns the blood to the lungs to be re-oxygenated and delivers fuel (nutrients and oxygen) to the active tissues of the body.
In fact, the effects of exercise can be studied in the following ways:
Immediate Effects of Exercises
(i) Increase in heart rate: Generally the resting heart rate of an adult remains at 72 beats per minute. The elite endurance athletes usually have 28 to 40 treats per minute. Even before the beginning of exercise the heart rate increases in anticipation. It is known as anticipatory response. When an individual starts exercise his heart rate increases as per the intensity and duration of the exercise.
(ii) Increase in stroke volume: Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected per the left beat from ventricle. It is measured in ml/beat. Stroke volume increases proportionally with exercise intensity. In untrained individuals the stroke volume at rest remains at 50 to 70 ml/beat. It increases up to 110 to 130 mm/beat during intense exercise. The stroke volume of experienced athletes at rest remains at 90 to 110 ml/beat. It increases up 150 to 220 ml/beat during intensive exercise.
(iii) Increase in cardiac output: Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. It is measured in litre/minute. Cardiac output is a product of stroke volume and heart rate. If either heart rate or stroke volume increases or both, the cardiac output increases also. The cardiac output increases proportionally with the intensity of exercise. At rest the cardiac output is about 5 litre/minute but during intense exercise it can increase up to 20 to 40 litre/minute.
Long Term Effects of Exercises
(i) Increase in the size of heart: When we perform regular exercise the muscles of the heart increase in size and strength. In fact, the left ventricle adapts to the greatest extent. The heart wall grow stronger and thicker. The recent studies show that the myocardial wall thickness also increases.
(ii) Decrease in resting heart rate: Regular exercise decreases the resting heart rate. If a 10 week training programme is given to an individual whose initial resting heart rate is 72 beats per minute after this duration his resting heart rate may reduce up to lb beats per minute. After regular exercise the heart finally becomes more efficient. It does not require to beat as quickly to supply the body with blood while at rest. It has been noted that highly conditioned athletes can have their resting heart rates in the 30 seconds.
Question 2
Sports are good for all age groups. Competitive sports are a showcase of power at the international arena. Supremacy over the other country is indirectly shown by standing at the top of medal tally. To achieve their target few countries are imparting very strict training to growing children. Over the years many organizations have raised their voice against the intensity with which training is scheduled for making an international athlete.
(a). What are the disadvantages of giving high intensity training to the growing children?
(b). Elaborate any two physiological benefits of exercise in children. [Delhi Outside 2016]
Answer 2:
(a). Role of physical activities in improving the quality of life as follows:
(b)
Question 3:
Regular physical activities cannot stop the clock of ageing; but definitely it can slow the process. Justify. [CBSE Sample Paper 2015]
OR
“Regular physical activity can delay your ageing process.” Justify your answer in light of the effect of activities on physiological changes. [All India 2015]
Answer 3:
Regular exercise always promotes healthy aging process. Getting older is a regular cycle of life. Regular exercise delays the changes which occur due to ageing. The role of regular exercise is as follows.
(i) Muscles lose strength due to ageing. But we can maintain their strength for longer period if we exercise regularly.
(ii) With increase in age cardio-respiratory fitness decreases but those who continue to exercise keep their cardio system efficient which slows down the process of ageing.
(iii) Muscles and joints become less flexible and agile with age. But regular exercise removes various joint problems and keeps the person healthy and fit, saves from osteoporosis.
(iv) More severe changes in ageing are on skin which lead to wrinkles and decreased elasticity. Regular exercise tones up the muscles and because of aerobic consumption and better flow of circulation to all the parts of the body, there is glow on the skin with less wrinkles.
Definitely Regular physical activities slow down the ageing process. One day each one of us is going to grow old but regular exercises become an asset to live a good quality life.
Question 4:
What are Arteries? [Delhi 2013]
Answer 4:
Arteries: Arteries carry highly oxygenated blood from the heart to the various body parts. They are more elastic and muscular with thick walls. Arterioles are narrower arteries that branch off from the ends of arteries and carry blood to capillaries.
Question 1:
What are the changes that take place in cardiovascular system by doing regular exercise? [CBSE Sample Paper 2017]
Answer 1:
The cardio-vascular system undergoes various changes if exercises are performed. During exercise, the cardiovascular system begins to meet the increased demands of the body in many ways. The cardio-vascular system rushes oxygen to the working muscles, returns the blood to the lungs to be re-oxygenated and delivers fuel (nutrients and oxygen) to the active tissues of the body.
In fact, the effects of exercise can be studied in the following ways:
Immediate Effects of Exercises
(i) Increase in heart rate: Generally the resting heart rate of an adult remains at 72 beats per minute. The elite endurance athletes usually have 28 to 40 treats per minute. Even before the beginning of exercise the heart rate increases in anticipation. It is known as anticipatory response. When an individual starts exercise his heart rate increases as per the intensity and duration of the exercise.
(ii) Increase in stroke volume: Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected per the left beat from ventricle. It is measured in ml/beat. Stroke volume increases proportionally with exercise intensity. In untrained individuals the stroke volume at rest remains at 50 to 70 ml/beat. It increases up to 110 to 130 mm/beat during intense exercise. The stroke volume of experienced athletes at rest remains at 90 to 110 ml/beat. It increases up 150 to 220 ml/beat during intensive exercise.
(iii) Increase in cardiac output: Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. It is measured in litre/minute. Cardiac output is a product of stroke volume and heart rate. If either heart rate or stroke volume increases or both, the cardiac output increases also. The cardiac output increases proportionally with the intensity of exercise. At rest the cardiac output is about 5 litre/minute but during intense exercise it can increase up to 20 to 40 litre/minute.
Long Term Effects of Exercises
(i) Increase in the size of heart: When we perform regular exercise the muscles of the heart increase in size and strength. In fact, the left ventricle adapts to the greatest extent. The heart wall grow stronger and thicker. The recent studies show that the myocardial wall thickness also increases.
(ii) Decrease in resting heart rate: Regular exercise decreases the resting heart rate. If a 10 week training programme is given to an individual whose initial resting heart rate is 72 beats per minute after this duration his resting heart rate may reduce up to lb beats per minute. After regular exercise the heart finally becomes more efficient. It does not require to beat as quickly to supply the body with blood while at rest. It has been noted that highly conditioned athletes can have their resting heart rates in the 30 seconds.
Question 2
Sports are good for all age groups. Competitive sports are a showcase of power at the international arena. Supremacy over the other country is indirectly shown by standing at the top of medal tally. To achieve their target few countries are imparting very strict training to growing children. Over the years many organizations have raised their voice against the intensity with which training is scheduled for making an international athlete.
(a). What are the disadvantages of giving high intensity training to the growing children?
(b). Elaborate any two physiological benefits of exercise in children. [Delhi Outside 2016]
Answer 2:
(a). Role of physical activities in improving the quality of life as follows:
- Exercise controls weight
- Strength the bones
- Strength the lungs
- Promote changes in the brain structure
- Strength the Heart
- Boost energy level
- Reduce blood sugar level
- Builds strong and healthy muscles
- Motor development
- Helps in digestive process
- Improves neuro muscular co-ordination
- Help in staying healthy
(b)
- Stress/fatigue
- Chances of overload
- Early maturity
- Can reach too early top form
- Less flexibility
- Chances of injury
Question 3:
Regular physical activities cannot stop the clock of ageing; but definitely it can slow the process. Justify. [CBSE Sample Paper 2015]
OR
“Regular physical activity can delay your ageing process.” Justify your answer in light of the effect of activities on physiological changes. [All India 2015]
Answer 3:
Regular exercise always promotes healthy aging process. Getting older is a regular cycle of life. Regular exercise delays the changes which occur due to ageing. The role of regular exercise is as follows.
(i) Muscles lose strength due to ageing. But we can maintain their strength for longer period if we exercise regularly.
(ii) With increase in age cardio-respiratory fitness decreases but those who continue to exercise keep their cardio system efficient which slows down the process of ageing.
(iii) Muscles and joints become less flexible and agile with age. But regular exercise removes various joint problems and keeps the person healthy and fit, saves from osteoporosis.
(iv) More severe changes in ageing are on skin which lead to wrinkles and decreased elasticity. Regular exercise tones up the muscles and because of aerobic consumption and better flow of circulation to all the parts of the body, there is glow on the skin with less wrinkles.
Definitely Regular physical activities slow down the ageing process. One day each one of us is going to grow old but regular exercises become an asset to live a good quality life.
Question 4:
What are Arteries? [Delhi 2013]
Answer 4:
Arteries: Arteries carry highly oxygenated blood from the heart to the various body parts. They are more elastic and muscular with thick walls. Arterioles are narrower arteries that branch off from the ends of arteries and carry blood to capillaries.
5 MARKER QUESTIONS
Download Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1:
Explain in detail about the effects of regular exercise on Respiratory System. [Delhi 2016]
Answer 1:
Regular exercises have following effects on respiratory system:
(i) Increase in size of lungs and chest: When a person performs exercise regularly, he requires more amount of oxygen. He inhales more amount of air during exercise. Gradually in a long period, the size of his lungs and chest increases.
(ii) Increase in residual air volume: Residual air is that amount of air, which is left in the lungs after exhalation. If an individual performs regular exercise, his residual air capacity increases in comparison to an individual who does not perform regular exercise.
(iii) Strong will-power: Regular exercises increase will-power of the individual. As Pranayama, i.e. specific exercise for lungs, increases the will-power of the doer.
(iv) Unused alveolus become active: Regular exercise activates the unused alveolus, because much amount of oxygen, is required in vigorous and prolonged exercise of daily routine. The passive’ alveolus become active.
(v) Decrease in rate of respiration: Itis certain that when a beginner starts exercise, his rate of respiration increases. But when the same individual performs exercise daily, his rate of respiration decreases in comparison to the beginning stage at rest.
(vi) Avoids second wind: For a beginner, the stage of second wind is, indeed, a crucial stage. But for a regular exerciser, it is hardly felt. Sometimes, a well-experienced athlete does not feel it in his course of activity.
(vii) Increase in tidal air capacity: Tidal air is the amount of air that flows in and out of the lungs in each quiet respiratory movement. But tidal air capacity is the amount of air that can be breathed in and breathed out, over and above the tidal air by the deepest possible inspiration/expiration respectively.
(viii) Strengthens diaphragm and muscles: Regular exercise strengthens the diaphragm and the muscles of the chest.
(ix) Increase in endurance: If exercise is performed regularly and for a longer period, it increases endurance. An activity can be done for a longer period without taking any rest. Those who do not perform exercise, have less endurance. They cannot continue exercise for a long duration.
Hence, it can be alluded that exercise increases the endurance of an individual.
Question 2:
Describe the changes in circulatory system after training [Delhi 2015]
Answer 2:
Training have following effects on circulatory system:
Increase in oxygen circulation to muscles: Blood contains three different types of cells i.e. white blood cells which fight infection, red blood cells that transport oxygen and platelets which help in blood clotting. All these cells float in blood plasma. When you exercise your red blood cells are saturated with oxygen and increases the transportation of enough oxygen to the muscles.
Return of normal pulse quickly: The pulse/heart rate returns to normal quickly after exercise. Thus, body feels relaxed after sometime.
Blood pooling: When you exercise, blood is diverted from non-essential organs like digestive system or reproductive system to the working muscles. This is called blood pooling. When the strenuous exercise is over, the pooled blood moves out of the muscles back into general circulation, particularly after cooling down.
Faster Adaptation to working load: In a trained person, the heart can adapt to working load quickly 1.e., quick adjustment of heart according to body needs.
Increase in blood circulation: Due to the muscles squeezing in the veins, more blood is sent back to the heart. As the heart fills up, its stretches. As the muscle fibres stretch, they contact more strongly and pump out more blood. As a result, there is increase in blood circulation.
Cardiovascular system improves: Regular exercises improve cardiovascular system thus blood travels faster through blood vessels.
Faster healing: The increased circulation of blood makes healing faster, therefore, there is faster recovery from injuries.
Cardiorespiratory system improves: With improved circulation, the efficiency of respiratory system also improves.
Increase in number of RBC: The number of RBC (Red Blood Corpuscles) increases when exercises are taken on regular basis. These RBCs are the carriers of nutrients including haemoglobin and oxygen, to the muscles.
Increase in number of WBC: It has also been noted that regular exercises increase the number of WBC (White Blood Corpuscles).
Hypertrophy of Heart: With regular exercise the hypertrophy of heart take place. With this effect, there is an increase in stroke volume and cardiac output.
Question 3:
What are the important functions of our skeletal system? [Delhi Outside 2015]
Answer 3:
Important functions of skeletal system
The hard and rigid structure of bone makes the skeletal system to act as a framework, which supports the body and gives it a shape. The major functions are as follows:
(i) It serves as a supporting framework.
(ii) It acts as liner and allows the movement of the body.
(iii) It protects and supports many of the internal organs.
(iv) It releases calcium when there is lack of calcium in the body fluids.
(v) It produces, maintains and repairs itself.
(vi) It stores the marrow which produces the blood cells.
(vii) It provides surface for the attachment of skeletal muscles.
(Explain any three)
Question 4:
What are the various factors affecting physiological fitness? Explain. [All India 2015]
Answer 4:
The following are the factors that affect the physiological fitness:
Anatomical structure: An individual must be appropriate in body size, shape and structure essential for the performance. Sometimes genetic impaired organs are responsible for weakness in structure which limits individual performance.
Psychological factors or stress tension: This can become a barrier to performance by contributing tension and anxiety which affect the fitness level of a person. One must be mentally tough/strong and prepared to perform better.
Climate: Physical fitness also gets influenced by different climatic conditions such as summer, winter and humid. Exercise must be done early morning or late evening. Drink plenty of fluid. Wear light loose fitting, comfortable clothes. In winter dress in layers. Stop if you experience dizziness, shivering, cramp, etc.
Diet: Plays an important role in maintaining physical fitness level. Diet requirement varies from individual to individual game wise. Therefore, while planning fitness programme diet factor must also be given due consideration.
Healthy surroundings: A healthy environment at home/school/playfields is helpful in proper growth and development of an individual which creates a better learning situation. There is a need for proper working environment for participation in sports activities, otherwise it will affect the fitness of individual.
Question 1:
Explain in detail about the effects of regular exercise on Respiratory System. [Delhi 2016]
Answer 1:
Regular exercises have following effects on respiratory system:
(i) Increase in size of lungs and chest: When a person performs exercise regularly, he requires more amount of oxygen. He inhales more amount of air during exercise. Gradually in a long period, the size of his lungs and chest increases.
(ii) Increase in residual air volume: Residual air is that amount of air, which is left in the lungs after exhalation. If an individual performs regular exercise, his residual air capacity increases in comparison to an individual who does not perform regular exercise.
(iii) Strong will-power: Regular exercises increase will-power of the individual. As Pranayama, i.e. specific exercise for lungs, increases the will-power of the doer.
(iv) Unused alveolus become active: Regular exercise activates the unused alveolus, because much amount of oxygen, is required in vigorous and prolonged exercise of daily routine. The passive’ alveolus become active.
(v) Decrease in rate of respiration: Itis certain that when a beginner starts exercise, his rate of respiration increases. But when the same individual performs exercise daily, his rate of respiration decreases in comparison to the beginning stage at rest.
(vi) Avoids second wind: For a beginner, the stage of second wind is, indeed, a crucial stage. But for a regular exerciser, it is hardly felt. Sometimes, a well-experienced athlete does not feel it in his course of activity.
(vii) Increase in tidal air capacity: Tidal air is the amount of air that flows in and out of the lungs in each quiet respiratory movement. But tidal air capacity is the amount of air that can be breathed in and breathed out, over and above the tidal air by the deepest possible inspiration/expiration respectively.
(viii) Strengthens diaphragm and muscles: Regular exercise strengthens the diaphragm and the muscles of the chest.
(ix) Increase in endurance: If exercise is performed regularly and for a longer period, it increases endurance. An activity can be done for a longer period without taking any rest. Those who do not perform exercise, have less endurance. They cannot continue exercise for a long duration.
Hence, it can be alluded that exercise increases the endurance of an individual.
Question 2:
Describe the changes in circulatory system after training [Delhi 2015]
Answer 2:
Training have following effects on circulatory system:
Increase in oxygen circulation to muscles: Blood contains three different types of cells i.e. white blood cells which fight infection, red blood cells that transport oxygen and platelets which help in blood clotting. All these cells float in blood plasma. When you exercise your red blood cells are saturated with oxygen and increases the transportation of enough oxygen to the muscles.
Return of normal pulse quickly: The pulse/heart rate returns to normal quickly after exercise. Thus, body feels relaxed after sometime.
Blood pooling: When you exercise, blood is diverted from non-essential organs like digestive system or reproductive system to the working muscles. This is called blood pooling. When the strenuous exercise is over, the pooled blood moves out of the muscles back into general circulation, particularly after cooling down.
Faster Adaptation to working load: In a trained person, the heart can adapt to working load quickly 1.e., quick adjustment of heart according to body needs.
Increase in blood circulation: Due to the muscles squeezing in the veins, more blood is sent back to the heart. As the heart fills up, its stretches. As the muscle fibres stretch, they contact more strongly and pump out more blood. As a result, there is increase in blood circulation.
Cardiovascular system improves: Regular exercises improve cardiovascular system thus blood travels faster through blood vessels.
Faster healing: The increased circulation of blood makes healing faster, therefore, there is faster recovery from injuries.
Cardiorespiratory system improves: With improved circulation, the efficiency of respiratory system also improves.
Increase in number of RBC: The number of RBC (Red Blood Corpuscles) increases when exercises are taken on regular basis. These RBCs are the carriers of nutrients including haemoglobin and oxygen, to the muscles.
Increase in number of WBC: It has also been noted that regular exercises increase the number of WBC (White Blood Corpuscles).
Hypertrophy of Heart: With regular exercise the hypertrophy of heart take place. With this effect, there is an increase in stroke volume and cardiac output.
Question 3:
What are the important functions of our skeletal system? [Delhi Outside 2015]
Answer 3:
Important functions of skeletal system
The hard and rigid structure of bone makes the skeletal system to act as a framework, which supports the body and gives it a shape. The major functions are as follows:
(i) It serves as a supporting framework.
(ii) It acts as liner and allows the movement of the body.
(iii) It protects and supports many of the internal organs.
(iv) It releases calcium when there is lack of calcium in the body fluids.
(v) It produces, maintains and repairs itself.
(vi) It stores the marrow which produces the blood cells.
(vii) It provides surface for the attachment of skeletal muscles.
(Explain any three)
Question 4:
What are the various factors affecting physiological fitness? Explain. [All India 2015]
Answer 4:
The following are the factors that affect the physiological fitness:
Anatomical structure: An individual must be appropriate in body size, shape and structure essential for the performance. Sometimes genetic impaired organs are responsible for weakness in structure which limits individual performance.
Psychological factors or stress tension: This can become a barrier to performance by contributing tension and anxiety which affect the fitness level of a person. One must be mentally tough/strong and prepared to perform better.
Climate: Physical fitness also gets influenced by different climatic conditions such as summer, winter and humid. Exercise must be done early morning or late evening. Drink plenty of fluid. Wear light loose fitting, comfortable clothes. In winter dress in layers. Stop if you experience dizziness, shivering, cramp, etc.
Diet: Plays an important role in maintaining physical fitness level. Diet requirement varies from individual to individual game wise. Therefore, while planning fitness programme diet factor must also be given due consideration.
Healthy surroundings: A healthy environment at home/school/playfields is helpful in proper growth and development of an individual which creates a better learning situation. There is a need for proper working environment for participation in sports activities, otherwise it will affect the fitness of individual.
Chapter 9: Sports Medicine/खेल की दवा
1 MARKER QUESTIONS
3 MARKER QUESTIONS
5 MARKER QUESTIONS
Chapter 10: Biomechanics and Sports/बायोमैकेनिक्स और स्पोर्ट्स
1 MARKER QUESTIONS
3 MARKER QUESTIONS
5 MARKER QUESTIONS
Chapter 11: Psychology and Sports/मनोविज्ञान और खेल
1 MARKER QUESTIONS
3 MARKER QUESTIONS
5 MARKER QUESTIONS
Chapter 12: Training in Sports/खेल में प्रशिक्षण
1 MARKER QUESTIONS
3 MARKER QUESTIONS
5 MARKER QUESTIONS